Annette Nellen, CPA, CGMA, Esq., Author at Think Outside the Tax Box

AUTHOR SPOTLIGHT

Annette Nellen, CPA, CGMA, Esq.

Annette Nellen is a professor in and director of San José State University's graduate tax program (MST), teaching courses in tax research, accounting methods, individual tax, property transactions, employment tax, leadership, ethics, and tax policy. Annette is active in the tax sections of the AICPA (including as a former chair of the Tax Executive Committee) and chair of the Virtual Currency Digital Asset Task Force, ABA (including as vice chair of the Tax Policy & Simplification Committee and former chair of the Sales, Exchanges & Basis Committee) and California Lawyers Association (currently serving on the Tax Section’s Executive Committee). In 2020-2021, she served on the AICPA-NASBA CPA Evolution Education Advisory Group as co-chair of the Tax Compliance & Planning Model Curriculum Task Force. She also serves on CalCPA’s Accounting Education Committee. In January 2023, she was appointed to the IRS Advisory Council (IRSAC).

Annette is the recipient of the 2013 Arthur J. Dixon Memorial Award given by the Tax Division of the AICPA, the highest award given by the accounting profession in taxation, and the 2019 Benjamin F. Miller Award from the Taxation Section of the California Lawyers Association for achievement and contribution in the field of state and local taxation law. Annette is a fellow in the American College of Tax Counsel. From 2006 to 2008, Annette was a fellow with the New America Foundation. Starting in January 2023, Annette is a research fellow with the Silicon Valley Institute for Regional Studies of Joint Venture Silicon Valley.

Annette is the author of Bloomberg BNA Tax Portfolio #533, Amortization of Intangibles, and Tax Analysts’ Tax Notes State Moving Forward? column. Annette is co-author/co-editor of four tax textbooks from Cengage (SWFT series). Annette is a frequent speaker on tax developments, new economy tax matters including cryptocurrency, tax reform and tax policy. She has testified several times before various legislative committees and tax reform commissions on tax policy and reform. Annette runs the 21st Century Taxation website and blog (www.21stcenturytaxation.com).

Prior to joining SJSU in 1990, Annette worked at a Fortune 500 company, the IRS, and EY (10 years total). Annette is a graduate of CSU Northridge (BS Business Administration; Accounting), Pepperdine University (MBA), and Loyola Law School (JD).

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Warning! Avoid the Latest “Dirty Dozen” Scams Identified By the IRS

Since at least 2001, the IRS has issued annual news releases warning taxpayers of scams they should be aware of and stay clear of. The release in 2001 included just eight scams but starting in 2002, the IRS expanded the list and dubbed these scams with the catchy moniker: the “Dirty Dozen.” In describing these lists, the IRS often warns taxpayers to “remain vigilant” against the scams, to not “fall prey” to them, and to “be on the lookout for” these dangerous activities.

While the warnings seem to be directed to individual taxpayers, the lists sometimes include warnings of scams directed at return preparers and employers. Tax practitioners certainly need to be aware of these scams to exercise appropriate due diligence to know if any client is involved in a scam such as an abusive tax shelter, and to help educate clients about the numerous and growing number of scams many of which are designed to steal their personal and financial data and resources.

This article covers the 2022 “Dirty Dozen” list. It also includes suggestions on how practitioners might use this information in tax compliance and planning and to help clients protect their identities and assets and avoid tax problems. Additional resources for dealing with the items on the list are provided.

A chart listing the “Dirty Dozen” items from the start in 2001 through 2022 is included to show trends and the reality that some scams such as identity theft, phishing, return preparer fraud and frivolous tax arguments have made the list almost every year.

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Top 10 Federal Tax Cases and Relevance to Practice

Every year, tax courts hear more than 600 federal tax cases, mostly by the U.S. Tax Court. The vast majority are trial court decisions, again, mostly from the U.S. Tax Court, but also district courts throughout the U.S.
Independent of the IRS, the court hears cases relating to income, estate, and gift tax and its rulings can be used as precedent for better interpreting the laws. It practically can provide a roadmap as to what the judges are looking for in defense of a taxpayer’s claim or position.

Among the Tax Court decisions, most are memorandum and summary opinions focused on figuring out facts so practitioners can apply the proper law. Annually, we might see fewer than 50 regular Tax Court decisions involving a new interpretation of the tax law. But this still leaves a lot of potentially significant cases in attempting to identify the top 10federal tax cases dating back to the start of our modern income tax in 1913.
Which are the most significant? That all depends on you and what you are trying to learn from each case. When it comes to tax planning, read on to learn about the top 10 cases of all time.

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The Safeguards Rule — Are You Compliant?

Tax professionals must take measures to prevent unauthorized access to customer information. For example, you should limit access to customer data to only those employees who need it for their jobs. Also, outsourcing tax preparation in your firm can impact this security.

In October 2019, the IRS added a new question about data security responsibilities to the form to obtain or renew a PTIN. As a tax professional, it’s important to understand what the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act requires and how you can comply.

Keep reading to learn what steps you can take to help protect the confidential information of clients and ensure GLBA compliance.

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Tax Rules and Due Diligence for Gambling

The vast range of taxable income and possible deductions and credits an individual may have for federal and state purposes creates a sizeable list of questions to ask clients annually. Regarding types of taxable income alone, the possible sources are almost too numerous to ask. So, is it enough for practitioners to ask for information reporting forms plus a general question about other sources of income? In 2021, the IRS expanded Schedule 1 (Form 1040), Additional Income and Adjustments to Income, changing line 8, “Other income. List type and amount” to lines 8a to 8p to highlight 16 specific types of “other income” with line 8z added for reporting any other income types.

One of the specific income types at line 8b is for gambling income. Possibly the detailing of the Form 1040 other income line starting in 2021 signals that the IRS wants self-filers to be aware of what is taxable and that tax preparers should ask clients more questions.

In addition to reviewing the tax rules for casual gamblers, two Tax Court bench opinions issued this year are to highlight recent gambling issues the IRS found. The opinions explored the tax gap from gambling activities along with its relevance to due diligence considerations for individuals and tax advisers.

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Tax Policy and Reform Considerations for the Next President and 119th Congress

Something we never have a shortage of are proposals to change our tax systems. When it’s election time, we hear even more proposals, as well as how various parts of our tax system are flawed, usually due to actions or inactions of the opposing party. We also hear lots of incomplete statements, promises of tax changes too costly to be enacted, and ideas that will be replaced by the time the winner gets down to crafting a real set of tax and budget proposals. This article describes some of the tax proposals of the two presidential candidates along with suggestions on how we should analyze them against principles supporting effective tax systems, with highlights of some important facts seemingly missing from current tax discussions. These proposals are also relevant to members of Congress as to whether they support any of them and how they align with tax changes that the member would like to see enacted.

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Some Easily Overlooked Items for Form 1040

A 113-page set of instructions accompanies the 2022 Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return. Commonly used Form 1040 Schedules A, B, C, D, and E comprise an aggregate of 69 pages of instructions. Instructions are non-binding information but certainly necessary for getting tax information correctly placed on the tax return. With hundreds of Internal Revenue Code (IRC) sections, thousands of pages of regulations, thousands of IRS rulings and judicial opinions, on top of more than 200 pages of instructions relevant to many complex Forms 1040, some tax pros might easily overlook these items.

This article travels top to bottom through the two-page 2022 Form 1040, highlighting a few items not to overlook. No promises that the list hits all items, but what follows might bring to mind a few more items you can add to the list.

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Observations on the House-Passed OBBB

This article focuses on the OBBB from the House offering a variety of observations to help understand the range of changes, relevance to compliance and planning, process considerations and some unexpected provisions. While the final OBBB will not include all of the House provisions or will modify some of them, there are lessons to learn to understand the tax legislation process and results now and in the future.

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Loose Change in Your Couch and Maybe a Tax Break at Your Kitchen Table

A 2023 Tax Court decision upheld what many small business owners and tax practitioners have wondered about for some time. The court found that shareholders of an S corporation could exclude rental income paid to them by their S corporation for holding planning meetings in their homes. While the IRS and court found that the amounts charged by the shareholders were excessive, the court found the arrangement itself within the bounds of the law.
This article examines this case and underlying law and when and how this is a planning idea worth pursuing, the limitations and unknowns involved, and the policy implications of this long standing exclusion. The case is Sinopoli, TC Memo 2023-105 involving the exclusion at IRC Section 280A(g).

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Lessons From Surprising Items Buried in 2023 Tax Developments

Various rulings and tax agency actions in 2023 were arguably “unusual” and “surprising.” Most of these items were not the key holding of court decisions or IRS news releases or guidance. They were more subtle or buried. This article uncovers a variety of these oddities and posits what we might learn from them.

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Key Lessons from 2022 Tax Rulings

This article does not summarize key rulings of 2022, but instead offers some key lessons and reminders from 2022 tax opinions as well as a few IRS rulings. If you want to read the ruling, see the citations and links. Takeaways from a few state tax rulings that have a lesson of relevance beyond the particular state are also included…

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Just How “Hot” Should IRC Section 751 Be?

Tax rules are generally designed with a purpose in mind. Most rules serve to define the tax base and tax rates. Many others serve a behavioral purpose to encourage or discourage certain activities. The focus of this article stems from tax rules that are a combination of favoring certain activity such as generation of capital gains, and a limitation on such gains for certain taxpayers, such as the so-called “hot assets” rule for partners under IRC Section 751, Unrealized Receivables and Inventory Items. While Section 751 has been in the tax law for decades, a new application of it was raised by both the IRS and California FTB. This article summarizes Rawat, TC Memo 2023-14, rev’d, No. 23-1142 (DC Cir., 2024), and FTB Legal Ruling 2022-02, and offers observations on their relevance to tax research and practice.

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Ins and Outs of IRS CCA 202302011 on Cryptocurrency Losses

Here are a few reminders on claiming losses from property transactions with a focus on an informal ruling the IRS issued in January 2023 to help explain losses from certain cryptocurrency transactions. This article focuses not only on what CCA 202302011 provides, but also what it doesn’t cover regarding possible losses from cryptocurrency and digital asset transactions.

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Inflation Reduction Act 2022 Energy Tax Incentive Considerations

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (P.L. 117-169; 8/16/22) could easily have been named the Energy Incentives Act of 2022. Over 20 provisions in the Act provide tax credits or special deductions to encourage the production and use of clean energy. The cost of these energy provisions over ten years is about $271 billion. In contrast, the ten-year revenue projection for the corporate AMT and one percent excise tax on certain stock buybacks is about $296 billion.

Most of the energy credits are for businesses and are specialized such as for the production of clean hydrogen or sustainable aviation fuel or zero-emission nuclear power production. Four credits are designed for individuals including three revised credits and one entirely new one (§25E, Previously-owned clean vehicle credit).

This article highlights key aspects of the credits and special energy provisions as a whole, offers tips for dealing with the complexities that exist in these IRA 2022 rules, and provides suggestions to help individuals obtain the greatest tax savings from the new and revised energy credits and rebates. A few charts are included to aid in understanding these credits.

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Cautions in Tax Research — Finding True Guidance

The tax research process continues to grow increasingly complex for numerous reasons. This article notes several of these reasons and offers tips for your tax research process to be sure you have the latest appropriate guidance for answering tax questions and taking properly supported positions on tax returns.

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2025 Tax Surprises You Shouldn’t Overlook

There are a few tax rules new for 2025 that may catch some individuals and their tax advisers by surprise. These changes have not received lots of attention either because they are overshadowed by related changes that are more significant, or they were enacted a few years back with a future effective date that arrives in 2025. This article covers changes for 2025 that you will want to be sure to share with clients to avoid surprises at a later date.

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CURRENT EDITION

The Think Outside the Tax Box OBBBA Quick Reference Guide

The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) marks the most sweeping overhaul of the tax code since 2017, reshaping rules across personal and business income, education, healthcare, and credits. To help you stay ahead of the curve, Think Outside the Tax Box is proud to share our Quick Reference Guide, designed to keep you and your clients informed, prepared, and proactive.

5 Keys to Maximizing the SALT Changes

The Senate just passed the most significant SALT deduction changes since 2017, and most tax professionals are missing the real opportunity. While everyone’s celebrating the increase from $10,000 to $40,000, there’s a hidden tax trap that creates effective marginal rates exceeding 45% — and that’s your biggest planning goldmine.

460(e) – Leveling the Playing Field for Construction

Buried in the middle of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) is a small section with huge tax savings for multifamily developers – expansion of the 460(e) revenue recognition method exceptions. Previously only available to smaller construction contractors, the new law opens up a potential windfall for larger scale developers.

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  • How to Pay Less Tax on S Corporation Distributions

    Most taxpayers understand that having an S corporation often eliminates the so-called “double tax” issue C corporations pose. However, the majority of S corporations begin as C corporations and the activity that occurred during the time it was a C corporation will determine how and when to tax distributions from the S corporation. C corporations cannot avoid double taxation on profits simply by electing to be treated as an S corporation (yet there are many other ways to save this double tax on C corporations, stay subscribed to learn about them). Withdrawing C corporation profits even when it later becomes an S corporation can create an extra tax. Here’s how to avoid that.

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    COVID Tax Relief Allows Companies to Make Tax-Free COVID-19 Payments to Employees

    For a business owner, almost nothing in life is more uncertain than running a company during a pandemic. Like most people, worry about your own livelihood, family, friends, and loved ones and how you’ll cope during COVID-19 is at the top of your mind. But unlike others, you’ve got the added concern about your employees – both for their health and safety, as well as their financial health. While the government made some relief available in the earlier days of the pandemic such as forgivable loans like the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) and Emergency Injury Disaster Loans (EIDL) one of the biggest benefits provided has to do with a little known tax provision to the tax law. This provision makes it possible to provide certain payments without tax during a terrorist attack or disaster, but if it weren’t for a certain interpretation of President Trump’s declaration in March 2020, this benefit wouldn’t exist for COVID-19.

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    Can I “Nominee” Income From a Schedule C to Another Return?

    I have a few physician clients who earn their income via Form 1099 and are perfect candidates for an S corporation. However, the hospital won’t issue the Form 1099 in the name/EIN of an S corporation. Is this an issue? Can I still report the income on the Form 1120S and report the Form 1099 on a Schedule C with a negative adjustment for the same amount and attach an explanation annually? Or is there any other way?

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    Year-End Tax Strategies for the Investor

    The end of the year is a time for holidays, family, and maybe overindulging at the dinner table. It can also be a time for substantial tax savings. There are many techniques a taxpayer can use to minimize their tax burden for the year. The key to many of them is acting before the calendar year comes to a close. Specifically, let’s examine tax strategies for the taxpayer with investments, such as stocks, bonds, and mutual funds. These strategies can help taxpayers lower taxes, keep more money in their pockets, and donate to their favorite charities.

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    More Cash Available for Employers Under Refundable Tax Credit

    As 2020 winds to a close, we have seen many beneficial programs provided by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) and the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA). While most media coverage has focused on loans to employers such as PPP and EIDL, it is important to remember some of the lesser covered programs also included in the tax relief programs. In fact, eligible businesses may qualify to get cash back in some instances. The employee retention credit (ERC) under the CARES Act offers a refundable payroll tax credit for certain wages and health plan expenses paid by businesses during the economic hardship. However, many business owners have uncertainty as to how to qualify when they have also received a PPP loan. The paid sick leave and paid family medical leave credits also offer a refundable tax credit for qualifying wages and Medicare tax and health plan expenses. These refundable tax credits are stackable for maximum benefit when used correctly. Read on to discover how to qualify.

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    PPP Loan Forgiveness: Now What?

    It’s finally here! After much political wrangling, Congress and President Trump signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (HR 133) into law on December 27, 2020. Attached to this omnibus spending bill were a number of unrelated pieces of legislation, including the latest COVID-19 relief and stimulus measures. The law puts much needed cash in the hands of business owners and individuals alike, while Congress thumbs its collective nose at the IRS by including an override of the recent notice disallowing the deduction of expenses paid for using PPP funds. Several more key provisions in the new legislation’s Division N include process simplification and forgiveness for PPP borrowers, which will make life easier for everybody. To find out how to qualify for new rounds of stimulus, automatic forgiveness, and how to get both tax credits and free money, keep reading.

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    Why Can’t I Deduct PPP Payroll Expenses?

    Question: Given the recent passing of the stimulus law (CAA 2021) permitting a business to deduct payroll expenses paid with Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) funds, how does an S corporation or Partnership basis negatively impact this? I’m hearing that even though the law allows the deduction, some businesses will have suspended losses due to PPP funds. Which is true? Can a business deduct losses from PPP payroll or not?

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    Bob Dylan Shows How to Beat an Imminent Tax Increase

    Timing might be one of the oldest, most valuable tax strategies known. Essentially, a timing strategy allows a taxpayer to pay tax when rates are generally lower rather than when in a higher tax bracket or when facing increasing tax rates. Given this, 2020 may have been an optimal time to sell capital assets if tax rates rise under the new administration. President-elect Joe Biden has suggested taxing capital gains as ordinary income for high-income taxpayers (more than $400,000), as well as raising the top tax rate from 37% to 39.6%. Here’s how to cash in on the lower rates and, more importantly, when. While tax law changes seldom pass quickly, we often see changes made retroactive to the beginning of the year they are voted into law. Based on a recent story in The New York Times, Bob Dylan may have anticipated the increase when he sold the copyrights to his catalog of more than 600 songs for $300 million. Not to fret if you found yourself missing the beat of Dylan’s lead, there are many things a taxpayer can do to reduce capital gains tax, especially for self-created works of art. Here’s how.

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